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<title>Robot navigation</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robot navigation</span></span>

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<p><b>Robot localization</b> denotes the robot's ability to establish its own position and orientation within the <a href="Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">frame of reference</a>. <a href="Path_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Path planning">Path planning</a> is effectively an extension of localization, in that it requires the determination of the robot's current position and a position of a goal location, both within the same frame of reference or coordinates. Map building can be in the shape of a metric map or any notation describing locations in the robot frame of reference.

</p><p>For any mobile device, the ability to navigate in its environment is important. Avoiding dangerous situations such as collisions and unsafe conditions (<a href="Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">temperature</a>, radiation, exposure to weather, etc.) comes first, but if the robot has a purpose that relates to specific places in the robot environment, it must find those places.

This article will present an overview of the skill of navigation and try to identify the basic blocks of a robot <a href="Navigation_system" title="Navigation system">navigation system</a>, types of navigation systems, and closer look at its related building components.

</p><p>Robot navigation means the robot's ability to determine its own position in its <a href="Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">frame of reference</a> and then to plan a path towards some goal location. In order to navigate in its environment, the robot or any other mobility device requires representation, i.e. a map of the environment and the ability to <i>interpret</i> that representation.

</p><p>Navigation can be defined as the combination of the three fundamental competences:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ol><li>Self-localization</li>

<li><a href="Path_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Path planning">Path planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_mapping" title="Robotic mapping">Map-building</a> and map interpretation</li></ol>

<p>Some robot navigation systems use <a href="Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">simultaneous localization and mapping</a> to generate <a href="3D_reconstruction" title="3D reconstruction">3D reconstructions</a> of their surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vision-based_navigation">Vision-based navigation</h2></div>

<p>Vision-based navigation or optical navigation uses <a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> algorithms and optical sensors, including laser-based <a href="Rangefinder" title="Rangefinder">range finder</a> and photometric cameras using <a href="Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> arrays, to extract the <a href="Feature_(computer_vision)" title="Feature (computer vision)">visual features</a> required to the localization in the surrounding environment. However, there are a range of techniques for navigation and localization using vision information, the main components of each technique are:

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<ul><li>representations of the environment.</li>

<li>sensing models.</li>

<li>localization algorithms.</li></ul>

<p>In order to give an overview of vision-based navigation and its techniques, we classify these techniques under <a href="#Indoor_Navigation">indoor navigation</a> and <a href="#Outdoor_Navigation">outdoor navigation</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indoor_navigation">Indoor navigation</h3></div>

<p>The easiest way of making a robot go to a goal location is simply to <i>guide</i> it to this location. This guidance can be done in different ways: burying an inductive loop or magnets in the floor, painting lines on the floor, or by placing beacons, markers, bar codes etc. in the environment. Such <a href="Automated_guided_vehicle" title="Automated guided vehicle"><i>Automated Guided Vehicles</i> (AGVs)</a> are used in industrial scenarios for transportation tasks. Indoor Navigation of Robots are possible by IMU based indoor positioning devices.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are a very wider variety of indoor navigation systems. The basic reference of indoor and outdoor navigation systems is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/982903">"Vision for mobile robot navigation: a survey"</a> by Guilherme N. DeSouza and Avinash C. Kak.

</p><p>Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwhomes.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_97/journal/vol2/oh/">"Vision based positioning"</a> and AVM Navigator.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_Flight_Controllers">Autonomous Flight Controllers</h3></div>

<p>Typical Open Source Autonomous Flight Controllers have the ability to fly in full automatic mode and perform the following operations;

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<ul><li>Take off from the ground and fly to a defined altitude</li>

<li>Fly to one or more waypoints</li>

<li>Orbit around a designated point</li>

<li>Return to the launch position</li>

<li>Descend at a specified speed and land the aircraft</li></ul>

<p>The onboard flight controller relies on GPS for navigation and stabilized flight, and often employ additional <a href="Satellite-based_augmentation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite-based augmentation system">Satellite-based augmentation systems</a> (SBAS) and altitude (barometric pressure) sensor.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inertial_navigation">Inertial navigation</h2></div>

<p>Some navigation systems for airborne robots are based on <a href="Inertial_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial sensor">inertial sensors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SicilianoKhatib2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SicilianoKhatib2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acoustic_navigation">Acoustic navigation</h2></div>

<p><a href="Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Autonomous underwater vehicles</a> can be guided by <a href="Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">underwater acoustic positioning systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seto2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seto2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navigation systems using <a href="Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> have also been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-LeonardDurrant-Whyte2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeonardDurrant-Whyte2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_navigation">Radio navigation</h2></div>

<p>Robots can also determine their positions using <a href="Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">radio navigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sergiyenko_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sergiyenko-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Electronic_navigation" title="Electronic navigation">Electronic navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Location_awareness" title="Location awareness">Location awareness</a></li>

<li><a href="Vehicular_automation" title="Vehicular automation">Vehicular automation</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stachniss, Cyrill. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?dq=Robotic+Mapping+and+Exploration&ots=mY66zOcyW2&sig=jtVaI6hBrohUnRf49v714zBn180#v=onepage&q=Robotic%20Mapping%20and%20Exploration">Robotic mapping and exploration</a>." Vol. 55. Springer, 2009.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuentes-Pacheco, Jorge, José Ruiz-Ascencio, and Juan Manuel Rendón-Mancha. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose_Ascencio/publication/234081012_Visual_Simultaneous_Localization_and_Mapping_A_Survey/links/55383e610cf247b8587d3d58/Visual-Simultaneous-Localization-and-Mapping-A-Survey.pdf">Visual simultaneous localization and mapping: a survey</a>." Artificial Intelligence Review 43.1 (2015): 55-81.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFChenChaiNasirRoth2012" class="citation book cs1">Chen, C.; Chai, W.; Nasir, A. K.; Roth, H. (April 2012). "Low cost IMU based indoor mobile robot navigation with the assist of odometry and Wi-Fi using dynamic constraints". <i>Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1274–</span>1279. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPLANS.2012.6236984">10.1109/PLANS.2012.6236984</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4673-0387-3</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19472012">19472012</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGT_Silicon2017" class="citation cs2">GT Silicon (2017-01-07), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1bYfUYlVSo"><i>An awesome robot with cool navigation and real-time monitoring</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/c1bYfUYlVSo">archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-04</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autoquad.org/wiki/wiki/configuring-autoquad-flightcontroller/flying/">"Flying | AutoQuad"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SicilianoKhatib2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SicilianoKhatib2008_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBruno_SicilianoOussama_Khatib2008" class="citation book cs1">Bruno Siciliano; Oussama Khatib (20 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xpgi5gSuBxsC&q=robot+%22inertial%22+navigation&pg=PA1020"><i>Springer Handbook of Robotics</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1020–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-540-23957-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Seto2012-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seto2012_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMae_L._Seto2012" class="citation book cs1">Mae L. Seto (9 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WZUaCK8esFAC&q=robot+%22Underwater+acoustic+positioning+system%22+navigation&pg=PA35"><i>Marine Robot Autonomy</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 35–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4614-5659-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LeonardDurrant-Whyte2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeonardDurrant-Whyte2012_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_J._LeonardHugh_F._Durrant-Whyte2012" class="citation book cs1">John J. Leonard; Hugh F. Durrant-Whyte (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ_aBwAAQBAJ"><i>Directed Sonar Sensing for Mobile Robot Navigation</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4615-3652-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sergiyenko-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sergiyenko_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOleg_Sergiyenko2019" class="citation book cs1">Oleg Sergiyenko (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rBuzDwAAQBAJ&q=robot+radio+navigation&pg=PA172"><i>Machine Vision and Navigation</i></a>. Springer Nature. pp. 172–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-030-22587-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDesouzaKak2002" class="citation journal cs1">Desouza, G.N.; Kak, A.C. (2002). "Vision for mobile robot navigation: A survey". <i>IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>267. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F34.982903">10.1109/34.982903</a>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_97/journal/vol4/jmd/">Mobile Robot Navigation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405003146/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_97/journal/vol4/jmd/">Archived</a> 2019-04-05 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Jonathan Dixon, Oliver Henlich - 10 June 1997</li>

<li>BECKER, M.; DANTAS, Carolina Meirelles; MACEDO, Weber Perdigão, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126163902/http://www.abcm.org.br/pt/wp-content/symposium-series/SSM_Vol2/Section_IV_Mobile_Robots/SSM2_IV_05.pdf">Obstacle Avoidance Procedure for Mobile Robots</a>". In: Paulo Eigi Miyagi; Oswaldo Horikawa; Emilia Villani. (Org.). <i>ABCM Symposium Series in Mechatronics</i>, Volume 2. 1 ed. São Paulo - SP: ABCM, 2006, v. 2, p. 250-257. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-85-85769-26-0</bdi></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123151524/http://ikalogic.com/tut_line_sens_algo.php">line tracking sensors for robots and its algorithms</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Robotics434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_robotics_articles" title="Index of robotics articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_robots" title="History of robots">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Geography_of_robotics" title="Geography of robotics">Geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Robot_competition" title="Robot competition">Competitions</a></li>

<li><a href="Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence">AI competitions</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Robot" title="Robot">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerobot" title="Aerobot">Aerobot</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">Anthropomorphic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li>

<li><a href="Gynoid" title="Gynoid">Gynoid</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Claytronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Claytronics">Claytronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Companion_robot" title="Companion robot">Companion</a></li>

<li><a href="Automaton" title="Automaton">Automaton</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Articulated_robot" title="Articulated robot">Articulated</a>

<li><a href="Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_robotics" title="Educational robotics">Educational</a></li>

<li><a href="Entertainment_robot" title="Entertainment robot">Entertainment</a></li>

<li><a href="Juggling_robot" title="Juggling robot">Juggling</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_robot" title="Medical robot">Medical</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_robot" title="Service robot">Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability robot">Disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_restaurant" title="Automated restaurant">Food service</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_retail" title="Automated retail">Retail</a></li>

<li><a href="BEAM_robotics" title="BEAM robotics">BEAM robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft_robotics" title="Soft robotics">Soft robotics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_robotics" title="Cloud robotics">Cloud robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuum_robot" title="Continuum robot">Continuum robot</a></li>

<li><a href="Unmanned_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned vehicle">Unmanned vehicle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">aerial</a></li>

<li><a href="Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">ground</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_robot" title="Mobile robot">Mobile robot</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Necrobotics" title="Necrobotics">Necrobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a>

<ul><li><a href="Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm</a></li>

<li><a href="Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">Telerobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Underwater</a>

<ul><li><a href="Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely-operated</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fish">Robotic fish</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Tracks</a></li>

<li><a href="Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Walking</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Climber_(BEAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climber (BEAM)">Climbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_unicycle" title="Electric unicycle">Electric unicycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fin">Robotic fins</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Robotic_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic navigation">Navigation</a> and <a href="Robotic_mapping" title="Robotic mapping">mapping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Motion planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_odometry" title="Visual odometry">Visual odometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision-guided_robot_systems" title="Vision-guided robot systems">Vision-guided robot systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotics_simulator" title="Robotics simulator">Simulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotics_suite" title="Robotics suite">Suite</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source</a></li>

<li><a href="Robot_software" title="Robot software">Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Adaptable_robotics" title="Adaptable robotics">Adaptable</a></li>

<li><a href="Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental</a></li>

<li><a href="Human%E2%80%93robot_interaction" title="Human–robot interaction">Human–robot interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_paradigm" title="Robotic paradigm">Paradigms</a></li>

<li><a href="Perceptual_robotics" title="Perceptual robotics">Perceptual</a></li>

<li><a href="Situated_robotics" title="Situated robotics">Situated</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_robot" title="Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_robotics_companies" title="List of robotics companies">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Amazon_Robotics" title="Amazon Robotics">Amazon Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Anybots" title="Anybots">Anybots</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrett_Technology" title="Barrett Technology">Barrett Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Boston_Dynamics" title="Boston Dynamics">Boston Dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Doosan_Robotics" title="Doosan Robotics">Doosan Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Energid_Technologies" title="Energid Technologies">Energid Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="FarmWise" title="FarmWise">FarmWise</a></li>

<li><a href="FANUC" title="FANUC">FANUC</a></li>

<li><a href="Figure_AI" title="Figure AI">Figure AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Foster-Miller" title="Foster-Miller">Foster-Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvest_Automation" title="Harvest Automation">Harvest Automation</a></li>

<li><a href="HD_Hyundai_Robotics" title="HD Hyundai Robotics">HD Hyundai Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Honeybee_Robotics" title="Honeybee Robotics">Honeybee Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Intuitive_Surgical" title="Intuitive Surgical">Intuitive Surgical</a></li>

<li><a href="IRobot" title="IRobot">IRobot</a></li>

<li><a href="Rainbow_Robotics" title="Rainbow Robotics">Rainbow Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Starship_Technologies" title="Starship Technologies">Starship Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbotic" title="Symbotic">Symbotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Robotics" title="Universal Robotics">Universal Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolf_Robotics" title="Wolf Robotics">Wolf Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaskawa_Electric_Corporation" title="Yaskawa Electric Corporation">Yaskawa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li>

<li><a href="Powered_exoskeleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered exoskeleton">Powered exoskeleton</a></li>

<li><a href="Workplace_robotics_safety" title="Workplace robotics safety">Workplace robotics safety</a>

<ul><li><a href="Robotic_tech_vest" title="Robotic tech vest">Robotic tech vest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrainability" title="Terrainability">Terrainability</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Fictional robots</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <b><a href="Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-01-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Robot_navigation&oldid=1267450465">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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